Morning vs. evening administration of antiviral therapy in COVID-19 patients. A preliminary retrospective study in Ferrara, Italy.
Identifieur interne : 000422 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000421; suivant : 000423Morning vs. evening administration of antiviral therapy in COVID-19 patients. A preliminary retrospective study in Ferrara, Italy.
Auteurs : A. De Giorgi [Italie] ; F. Fabbian ; E. Di Simone ; S. Greco ; R. De Giorgio ; G. Zuliani ; A. Passaro ; E. Caselli ; R. ManfrediniSource :
- European review for medical and pharmacological sciences [ 2284-0729 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Antiviraux (administration et posologie), Association de médicaments (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Chronopharmacothérapie (MeSH), Darunavir (administration et posologie), Durée du séjour (statistiques et données numériques), Gazométrie sanguine (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (métabolisme), Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux), Italie (MeSH), Mortalité hospitalière (MeSH), Numération des leucocytes (MeSH), Oxygène (métabolisme), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (métabolisme), Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux), Pression partielle (MeSH), Protéine C-réactive (MeSH), Ritonavir (administration et posologie), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH), Études rétrospectives (MeSH).
- MESH :
- administration et posologie : Antiviraux, Darunavir, Ritonavir.
- métabolisme : Infections à coronavirus, Oxygène, Pneumopathie virale.
- statistiques et données numériques : Durée du séjour.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Association de médicaments, Betacoronavirus, Chronopharmacothérapie, Gazométrie sanguine, Humains, Italie, Mortalité hospitalière, Numération des leucocytes, Pandémies, Pression partielle, Protéine C-réactive, Sujet âgé, Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus, Études rétrospectives.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Italie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Blood Gas Analysis (MeSH), C-Reactive Protein (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (metabolism), Darunavir (administration & dosage), Drug Chronotherapy (MeSH), Drug Therapy, Combination (MeSH), Hospital Mortality (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Italy (MeSH), Length of Stay (statistics & numerical data), Leukocyte Count (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Oxygen (metabolism), Pandemics (MeSH), Partial Pressure (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (metabolism), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), Ritonavir (administration & dosage).
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Antiviral Agents, Darunavir, Ritonavir.
- chemical , metabolism : Oxygen.
- geographic : Italy.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- metabolism : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- statistics & numerical data : Length of Stay.
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Betacoronavirus, Blood Gas Analysis, C-Reactive Protein, Drug Chronotherapy, Drug Therapy, Combination, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Leukocyte Count, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Partial Pressure, Retrospective Studies.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
At the end of 2019, the Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread rapidly from China to the whole world. Circadian rhythms can play crucial role in the complex interplay between viruses and organisms, and temporized schedules (chronotherapy) have been positively tested in several medical diseases. We aimed to compare the possible effects of a morning vs. evening antiviral administration in COVID patients.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We retrospectively evaluated all patients admitted to COVID internal medicine units with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and treated with darunavir-ritonavir (single daily dose, for seven days). Age, sex, length of stay (LOS), pharmacological treatment, and timing of antiviral administration (morning or evening), were recorded. Outcome indicators were death or LOS, and laboratory parameters, e.g., variations in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2, mmHg) to fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2), and leucocyte count.
RESULTS
The total sample consisted of 151 patients, 33 (21.8%) of whom were selected for antiviral treatment. The mean age was 61.8±18.3 years, 17 (51.5%) were male, and the mean LOS was 13.4±8.6 days. Nine patients (27.3%) had their antiviral administration in the morning, and 24 (72.7%) had antiviral administration in the evening. No fatalities occurred. Despite the extremely limited sample size, morning group subjects showed a significant difference in CRP variation, compared to that in evening group subjects (-65.82±33.26 vs. 83.32±304.89, respectively, p<0.032). No significant differences were found for other parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
This report is the first study evaluating temporized morning vs. evening antiviral administration in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The morning regimen was associated with a significant reduction in CRP values. Further confirmations with larger and multicenter samples of patients could reveal novel potentially useful insights.
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202008_22511
PubMed: 32767353
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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De Giorgi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Internal Medicine Units (Clinica Medica, Medicina Interna Universitaria, Medicina Ospedaliera 2), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "S. Anna", Ferrara, Italy. f.fabbian@ospfe.it.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>COVID-19 Internal Medicine Units (Clinica Medica, Medicina Interna Universitaria, Medicina Ospedaliera 2), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "S. Anna", Ferrara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ferrara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fabbian, F" sort="Fabbian, F" uniqKey="Fabbian F" first="F" last="Fabbian">F. Fabbian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Simone, E" sort="Di Simone, E" uniqKey="Di Simone E" first="E" last="Di Simone">E. Di Simone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greco, S" sort="Greco, S" uniqKey="Greco S" first="S" last="Greco">S. Greco</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Giorgio, R" sort="De Giorgio, R" uniqKey="De Giorgio R" first="R" last="De Giorgio">R. De Giorgio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zuliani, G" sort="Zuliani, G" uniqKey="Zuliani G" first="G" last="Zuliani">G. Zuliani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Passaro, A" sort="Passaro, A" uniqKey="Passaro A" first="A" last="Passaro">A. Passaro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caselli, E" sort="Caselli, E" uniqKey="Caselli E" first="E" last="Caselli">E. Caselli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manfredini, R" sort="Manfredini, R" uniqKey="Manfredini R" first="R" last="Manfredini">R. Manfredini</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">European review for medical and pharmacological sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">2284-0729</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Blood Gas Analysis (MeSH)</term><term>C-Reactive Protein (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (metabolism)</term><term>Darunavir (administration & dosage)</term><term>Drug Chronotherapy (MeSH)</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination (MeSH)</term><term>Hospital Mortality (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Italy (MeSH)</term><term>Length of Stay (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Leukocyte Count (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Oxygen (metabolism)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Partial Pressure (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (metabolism)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Ritonavir (administration & dosage)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviraux (administration et posologie)</term><term>Association de médicaments (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Chronopharmacothérapie (MeSH)</term><term>Darunavir (administration et posologie)</term><term>Durée du séjour (statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>Gazométrie sanguine (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (métabolisme)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Italie (MeSH)</term><term>Mortalité hospitalière (MeSH)</term><term>Numération des leucocytes (MeSH)</term><term>Oxygène (métabolisme)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (métabolisme)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Pression partielle (MeSH)</term><term>Protéine C-réactive (MeSH)</term><term>Ritonavir (administration et posologie)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term><term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH)</term><term>Études rétrospectives (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Darunavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Oxygen</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Italy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="administration et posologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term><term>Darunavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Oxygène</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Length of Stay</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistiques et données numériques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Durée du séjour</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Blood Gas Analysis</term><term>C-Reactive Protein</term><term>Drug Chronotherapy</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination</term><term>Hospital Mortality</term><term>Humans</term><term>Leukocyte Count</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Partial Pressure</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Association de médicaments</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Chronopharmacothérapie</term><term>Gazométrie sanguine</term><term>Humains</term><term>Italie</term><term>Mortalité hospitalière</term><term>Numération des leucocytes</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Pression partielle</term><term>Protéine C-réactive</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus</term><term>Études rétrospectives</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Italie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>At the end of 2019, the Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread rapidly from China to the whole world. Circadian rhythms can play crucial role in the complex interplay between viruses and organisms, and temporized schedules (chronotherapy) have been positively tested in several medical diseases. We aimed to compare the possible effects of a morning vs. evening antiviral administration in COVID patients.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>PATIENTS AND METHODS</b></p><p>We retrospectively evaluated all patients admitted to COVID internal medicine units with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and treated with darunavir-ritonavir (single daily dose, for seven days). Age, sex, length of stay (LOS), pharmacological treatment, and timing of antiviral administration (morning or evening), were recorded. Outcome indicators were death or LOS, and laboratory parameters, e.g., variations in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2, mmHg) to fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2), and leucocyte count.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>The total sample consisted of 151 patients, 33 (21.8%) of whom were selected for antiviral treatment. The mean age was 61.8±18.3 years, 17 (51.5%) were male, and the mean LOS was 13.4±8.6 days. Nine patients (27.3%) had their antiviral administration in the morning, and 24 (72.7%) had antiviral administration in the evening. No fatalities occurred. Despite the extremely limited sample size, morning group subjects showed a significant difference in CRP variation, compared to that in evening group subjects (-65.82±33.26 vs. 83.32±304.89, respectively, p<0.032). No significant differences were found for other parameters.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>This report is the first study evaluating temporized morning vs. evening antiviral administration in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The morning regimen was associated with a significant reduction in CRP values. Further confirmations with larger and multicenter samples of patients could reveal novel potentially useful insights.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32767353</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>21</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2284-0729</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>24</Volume><Issue>15</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>European review for medical and pharmacological sciences</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Morning vs. evening administration of antiviral therapy in COVID-19 patients. A preliminary retrospective study in Ferrara, Italy.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>8219-8225</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">22511</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.26355/eurrev_202008_22511</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE">At the end of 2019, the Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread rapidly from China to the whole world. Circadian rhythms can play crucial role in the complex interplay between viruses and organisms, and temporized schedules (chronotherapy) have been positively tested in several medical diseases. We aimed to compare the possible effects of a morning vs. evening antiviral administration in COVID patients.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="PATIENTS AND METHODS">We retrospectively evaluated all patients admitted to COVID internal medicine units with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and treated with darunavir-ritonavir (single daily dose, for seven days). Age, sex, length of stay (LOS), pharmacological treatment, and timing of antiviral administration (morning or evening), were recorded. Outcome indicators were death or LOS, and laboratory parameters, e.g., variations in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2, mmHg) to fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2), and leucocyte count.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">The total sample consisted of 151 patients, 33 (21.8%) of whom were selected for antiviral treatment. The mean age was 61.8±18.3 years, 17 (51.5%) were male, and the mean LOS was 13.4±8.6 days. Nine patients (27.3%) had their antiviral administration in the morning, and 24 (72.7%) had antiviral administration in the evening. No fatalities occurred. Despite the extremely limited sample size, morning group subjects showed a significant difference in CRP variation, compared to that in evening group subjects (-65.82±33.26 vs. 83.32±304.89, respectively, p<0.032). No significant differences were found for other parameters.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">This report is the first study evaluating temporized morning vs. evening antiviral administration in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The morning regimen was associated with a significant reduction in CRP values. Further confirmations with larger and multicenter samples of patients could reveal novel potentially useful insights.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Giorgi</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Internal Medicine Units (Clinica Medica, Medicina Interna Universitaria, Medicina Ospedaliera 2), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "S. Anna", Ferrara, Italy. f.fabbian@ospfe.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fabbian</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Di Simone</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Greco</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Giorgio</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zuliani</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Passaro</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Caselli</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Manfredini</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><CollectiveName>OUTCOME-INTMED-COV19 Study Collaborators</CollectiveName></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D003160">Comparative Study</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Italy</Country><MedlineTA>Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9717360</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1128-3602</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>9007-41-4</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002097">C-Reactive Protein</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>O3J8G9O825</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019438">Ritonavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>S88TT14065</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010100">Oxygen</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>YO603Y8113</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000069454">Darunavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="Y">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001784" MajorTopicYN="N">Blood Gas Analysis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002097" MajorTopicYN="N">C-Reactive Protein</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000069454" MajorTopicYN="N">Darunavir</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="Y">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055870" MajorTopicYN="Y">Drug Chronotherapy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004359" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Therapy, Combination</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017052" MajorTopicYN="Y">Hospital Mortality</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007558" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Italy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007902" MajorTopicYN="N">Length of Stay</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="Y">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007958" MajorTopicYN="N">Leukocyte Count</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010100" MajorTopicYN="N">Oxygen</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010313" MajorTopicYN="N">Partial Pressure</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019438" MajorTopicYN="N">Ritonavir</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="Y">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32767353</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.26355/eurrev_202008_22511</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Italie</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Caselli, E" sort="Caselli, E" uniqKey="Caselli E" first="E" last="Caselli">E. Caselli</name><name sortKey="De Giorgio, R" sort="De Giorgio, R" uniqKey="De Giorgio R" first="R" last="De Giorgio">R. De Giorgio</name><name sortKey="Di Simone, E" sort="Di Simone, E" uniqKey="Di Simone E" first="E" last="Di Simone">E. Di Simone</name><name sortKey="Fabbian, F" sort="Fabbian, F" uniqKey="Fabbian F" first="F" last="Fabbian">F. Fabbian</name><name sortKey="Greco, S" sort="Greco, S" uniqKey="Greco S" first="S" last="Greco">S. Greco</name><name sortKey="Manfredini, R" sort="Manfredini, R" uniqKey="Manfredini R" first="R" last="Manfredini">R. Manfredini</name><name sortKey="Passaro, A" sort="Passaro, A" uniqKey="Passaro A" first="A" last="Passaro">A. Passaro</name><name sortKey="Zuliani, G" sort="Zuliani, G" uniqKey="Zuliani G" first="G" last="Zuliani">G. Zuliani</name></noCountry><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="De Giorgi, A" sort="De Giorgi, A" uniqKey="De Giorgi A" first="A" last="De Giorgi">A. 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